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share holder

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share holder 〔英國〕股東。

〔英國〕股東。 “share“ 中文翻譯：   n. 犁頭；犁鏵；(播種機等的)刃 (＝plough-s ...“holder“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.持(票)人；(土地、權利等的)所有人，貨主。 ...“private share holder“ 中文翻譯：   私人股東“a share“ 中文翻譯：   a股; a種股票; 股股票(持有者沒有投票權的普通股票)“a share a“ 中文翻譯：   股（指國內的上市公司可供中國公民買賣的特設股票）“by share“ 中文翻譯：   按股份“on share“ 中文翻譯：   分攤盈虧“share“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.一份；份兒， 2.份額；分配額；分擔量。 3.股；股份。 4.〔pl.〕〔主英〕股票。 a fair share 應得的份兒；應負擔的部分。 ordinary [common] shares 普通股。 preference [preferred] shares 優先股。 a share certificate (to bearer) (不記名)股票。 bear [take] one's share of 負擔…的部分；付…的份。 come in for a share 得到分配；分得一份。 fall to sb.'s share 由某人負擔。 go shares (with ...) 平分；分享；均攤；分擔；合伙經營；共同負責。 have [take] a [one's] share in 分擔；參加。 on [upon] shares 1. 共負盈虧。 2. 利害與共；同甘共苦。 the lion's share 最大[最好]的一份；絕大部分。 vt. 1.均分；均攤；平分；分配；分派。 2.共有；分[同]享，共負，參加，分擔。 share losses 共同負擔損失。 share the blame [responsibility] 共負責任；共同負責。 vi. 受分配；共享；分享；參與 (in)。 share in the profits 分享收益。 share with sb. in distress 與某人共患難。 share and share alike 平均分配；平均分擔；一切與別人分享。 share out 分配；分給。 share sb.'s joys and sorrows 和某人同甘共苦[休戚相關]。 share weal and woe 同甘共苦。 n. 犁頭；犁鏵；(播種機等的)刃 (＝plough-share)。 “share in“ 中文翻譯：   分享, 分擔; 分享,分擔; 分享/擔; 分享，分擔“share of“ 中文翻譯：   部份，份“share with“ 中文翻譯：   分與，分派，分配，分享，共用“share…with“ 中文翻譯：   與……分享“t-share“ 中文翻譯：   香港上市臺資企業指數“to share“ 中文翻譯：   跟分享的真愛“to share it with“ 中文翻譯：   跟你分享做夢的喜悅“as holder“ 中文翻譯：   以持有人……的身分“holder“ 中文翻譯：   n. 1.持(票)人；(土地、權利等的)所有人，貨主。 2.煙嘴；(筆)桿。 3.臺座，架；夾；儲存器。 a holder of an office 負責人。 a record holder 記錄保持人。 a share holder 股票持有人。 a bit [drill] holder 【機械工程】鉆套。 a cigarette holder 煙嘴。 a pen holder 筆桿。 a gas holder 裝氣罐，貯氣室。 a lamp holder 燈座。 a mirror holder 鏡架。 “holder on“ 中文翻譯：   船上鉚工“holder-on“ 中文翻譯：   n. (船上的)鉚工。 “share already required share“ 中文翻譯：   已安裝“share and share alike“ 中文翻譯：   如果你將57和12平均一下那么你得出的結果一定是; 有福同享，有難同當“share beak; share point“ 中文翻譯：   鏵尖“share in (=have a share in)“ 中文翻譯：   分攤“share of customer or share of wallet“ 中文翻譯：   單位客戶貢獻比率“share-for-share exchange“ 中文翻譯：   股票換股票

share list

Further more , the article will describe the differences of corporate governance between our country and abroad . according to my research , it will utilise the steps to consummate the corporate governance . the property right among director board , supervisor board and management will be allocated clearly ; consolidate the function of independent directors and supervise system ; protect the share holders and launch outside supervise mechanism ; manager system ; set up a stimulating system to guarantee these three parts can operate appropriately 本文認為，不斷完善法人治理結構可以通過下列途徑來實現，首先，通過明晰產權，強化獨立董事制度，強化董事會、監事會的監督、制衡和決策作用來確保三會之間權責明確、互相制約；其次，通過確保股東利益，建立完善外部治理環境，經理人制度，有效的激勵約束機制來確保企業管理中法人治理結構能夠有效的運行。

At present , the phenomena such as the majority shareholder ' s abusive use of power and the internal control widely exist in the chinese listed company . this leads to the disorder in the management and operation of the corporation and stock market , and also causes the illegal activities which harm the interests of the minority share holders . though there are many reasons for this , the shortcomings hi the design of the supervisor legal system is one among them 目前，我國上市公司中大量存在著“大股東濫權”和“內部人控制”的現象，并引致公司管理與運行、證券市場的混亂無序與違規違法活動的泛濫，中小股東利益屢遭侵害，其原因不一而足，而有關監事法律制度設計上的弊端則是其中之一。

Corporation , as the major and most active civil subject in this modern economic society , just like a lively natural person , has its own process of emerging , growing declining and finally disappearing . their capacities of surviving are greatly different among each company . some stronger ones operate well for hundreds of years , while some may have to terminate only after years or ever days . the termination of a company may have great impact on the rights and benefits of its share holders , debtees , debtors and employers , so the company should properly deal with all there interests after terminating , ending its rights and obligations with other subjects so as to protect the peaceful order of the economic society . but as a civil subject in law , corporation has its way of obtaining the capacity of rights greatly different from that of a natural person , as a result a company shall have a different liquidation process after termination comparing to the process for a natural person after his / her death . at present , many defects exist in china ’ s corporation legal system , including the system of company liquidation . the regulations in corporation law are too few and abstract which can not guide the company liquidation activities in reality , seriously destroying the normal economic order of social life 公司生存的強弱之分有著十分巨大的差距,有的公司已存續百年仍生機勃勃而不見頹勢,有的公司成立不過數日或幾年就不得不終止。公司的終止會對公司股東、公司的債權人、債務人以及公司的職員的利益產生重大影響,公司在終止之必須對各種相關利益進行妥善安排,將公司與相關主體之間的權利義務歸于消滅,以維護社會經濟生活的平穩秩序。但由于公司作為法律擬制的民事主體,其取得權利能力的方式與自然人有著迥然的差異,這就決定了公司在終止時應當進行與自然人死亡后迥然不同的清算程序。

The research finding is that no apparent positive relevance exists between the monetary reward of the managers and thee performance of the companies , nor is there much relevance to whether the biggest share holder is the state or not , but there is strong positive relevance to the scale of the company 研究結果表明，我國電子類上市公司高級管理人員的年度貨幣薪酬與公司經營績效并不存在顯著的正相關關系，與第一大股東是否為國有股也無相關性，但與企業規模存在顯著的正相關關系。

The policy of debts - to - shares swap is transforming creditor ' s right of state - owned commercial banks into share holder ' s right of state - owned enterprises in large and medium size . the share is held by amc who acts as a share - holder to participate in the mater of decisions . the final objective is to promote reform and synergism , and retrieve state - owned capital “債轉股”是把國有大中型企業所欠國有商業銀行的巨額債務轉換為該企業的股份，這種股份交由國有金融資產管理公司持有，資產管理公司作為股東，參與該企業重大問題的決策，以促進企業的改革增效，并最終通過轉讓、上市等回收這部分不良資產。

Conflict with bankruptcy law is , even after debt - to - stock , the other creditors still have rights to apply bankruptcy , then amc share holders need special treasures to protect , or debt - to - stock has no help to the enterprises . part three concerns how to build legal person governance structure well through debt - to - stock . the paper believes , to reach the goal of debt - to - stock , the state owned enterprises must be done well , for it ' s the enterprises lead the bank to such a bad conditions 其實，擬轉股企業股東，哪怕是唯一股東，它也不能取代擬轉股企業本身;其二， 《金融資產管理公司條例》中規定的金融資產管理公司受讓國有商業銀行債權是“收購”關系，喻意自主、自愿、平等地進行，而實際上金融資產管理公司是被“強制收購” 。

We also make empirical study on factors determining executive compensation structure , which include ownership characteristic , proportions of non - tradable share holders of different types , management structure , industry , size of firm and it ’ s performance . after analyze theoretically and empirically executive compensation problems in china ’ s listed company , this paper further to develop an approach to improving executive compensation structure 同時,對影響管理層激勵因素的實證研究表明:上市公司所有者性質、不同類型的非流通大股東持股比例、管理層結構、行業特征以及公司的經營狀況和規模是顯著影響管理層激勵的主要因素。

Shanghai lti automobile components co . , ltd . ( slti ) is a joint venture established by geely holding group and manganese bronze holdings , in which geely takes up 51 % stock shares , shanghai maple accounts for 1 % , totally 52 % for geely holding group as a controlling share holder while manganese bronze holdings occupies 48 % stock shares 上海英倫帝華汽車部件有限公司（簡稱英倫帝華）是吉利控股集團與英國錳銅控股集團共同成立的合資企業，其中吉利集團在合資企業中占51 %的股份，華普汽車占1 % ，錳銅控股占48 % ，中方以52 %的股份成為控股方。

Unfortunately , in the case of our current independent directors system , it has such problems that the amount of independent directors is too small , the excitation mechanism makes no action for company or share holder ' s interest . it is the principal purpose of this thesis to respond to these issues 為此，筆者對獨立董事的作用、職權、義務、選聘任用機制、以及配套法律制度的完善等問題，對我國的獨立董事制度提出了建設性意見，以期能夠實現我國獨立董事制度作用的真正發揮。

Chinese and overseas share holders take appreciate responsibilities in accordance to the shares they purchase . the company should take full obligation of its debts in reliance on its properties . in these kind of enterprises , shareholders from foreign countries and regions are required to take at least 25 percent of the company s total registered capital 是全部資本由等額股份構成，股東以其所認購的股份對公司承擔責任，公司以全部財產對公司債務承擔責任，其中外國股東購買并持有的股份占公司注冊資本25以上。

Shore holders “ meeting has be come a mere formality , while the board of derides has centralized , at the same time , share holder becomes a outsider of the corporate , and he not only ca n ' t make decisions about corporate ' s more serious after the managers “ revolution , defect corporate governance is the base of the securities market in china 公司治理問題緣于所有權與經營權分離帶來的“經營層的內部控制” 。在近現代公司的發展趨勢中，股東大會“形骸化” 、董事會“中心化”是其突出表現，股東會股東成為公司的外部人，它們既不能對公司的重大事務進行決策，又不能對董事會進行有效的監督。

The listed companies which play a very important role in national economy , and its financing act has a wider effect , from the micro view , the rationality , and reasonability will have a direct impact on the economical benefits , share holders ’ benefits and the structure of their capitol and internal management . from the macro level , the regulations of the listed companies will also influence the sustainable and healthy development of a security market , as well the stability of financing system 從微觀層面看,上市公司融資行為是否理性、合理,將直接影響到企業的經營效益、股東的收益以及上市公司資本結構與內部治理結構的合理性;從宏觀層面看,上市公司融資行為的合理與否還會影響到證券市場的資源配置功能的有效發揮,影響到證券市場的持續健康發展,影響到金融體系的穩定。

For example , in china , mbo is more like an encouragement way than to reduce agent cost ; illegal financing channel causes latency problem for future operation ; management members make advantage of so - called “ internal people control “ to undervalue the share price that damage the interests of the middle - and - little share holders ; management members also obtain large proportion dividend from the company that limits its development 比如說，國內mbo更多是一種激勵措施；融資制度不健全，管理層杠桿收購資金的來源不合法，導致了收購完成后的短期行為；不完善的資產定價體系、股權割裂導致管理層壓低凈資產，造成國有資產流失和損害中小股東的利益；由于流通股和非流通股同股不同價，管理層利用大比例分紅抽逃資金等等。

Firstly , some basic concepts are not clear , such as what is the status of the company under liquidation , how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company , whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company , is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation , what is special liquidation , under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate , who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation , etc . secondly , some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china , such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition , the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration , an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud , the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation , the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one , companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated , etc . thirdly , china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries , such as the rule of disincorporation registration , the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders , the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation , the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious , the rule of special liquidation , the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation , the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way , the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation , etc . because of the lack in research and legislation , the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized , which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people , increased the risk of market exchange , damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business , wasted the resources of the society , and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law 再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定制度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由于理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度(包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況) ，從而構筑起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，并與國外立法通例趨同。

By the compulsory disclosure of the related party transactions , the medium and small sized investors ( or share holders ) can get the same information as the main stock holders of related parties , so they can have the equal chance to make the choice to invest 加強對上市公司關聯交易的法律規制，是對其進行規范和引導，以求趨利避害的最佳方式。通過對其信息的強制性披露，使中小投資者(或中小股東)可以獲得與作為關聯方的控制股東相同的信息，并能夠有平等的機會作出投資選擇。

But because of the uneven access to and possession of information by different marketers , medium and small investors are a disadvantaged group in comparison with big share holders and corporate management representing the interests of big share holders . investors and prospective investors “ faith in the capital markets and in listed companies depends very much on the authenticity of accounting information made public by listed companies 由于市場主體在信息占有上的不對稱，中、小投資者相對于大股東和代表大股東利益的公司管理層來講，是一個弱勢群體，投資者和潛在投資者對資本市場和上市公司的信心，在很大程度上取決于上市公司所公布會計信息的真實度。

In the modern corporate governance system , the diversification and scattering of the ownership of shares is one of its main characteristics . multi - level principal - agency systems among share holder meeting , board of directors and managers realize the separation between ownership and actual control power 在現代公司治理中，股權的多元化和分散化是其主要特點之一；股東會、董事會、經理層等之間的多重委托?代理制度，實現了所有權和實際控制權的分離。

The current corporation law lack the related propositions on the protection of the medium and small sized share holders and debtors as well as the system to restrict the right of controlling belonging to the share holders . seldom could be found in securities law too 總之，現行公司法中缺乏對中小股東和債權人保護的相關規定，缺乏對控制股東控制權的制衡機制等等諸多缺陷；我國《證券法》中關于關聯交易的規定也不多，幾乎處于空白狀態。

The essence of the question , of course , is all to do due controlling over the executive directors “ business action , with protecting the interests directors business action , with protecting the interests of share holders and securing the health of the company 這種兩權分離的趨勢在經理人革命后就顯得更為突出。因此完善公司治理結構既是保障公司作用進一步發揮的要求，也是保護股東利益的必然要求。